Code of Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Code of Ethics Paper - Essay Example (Donaldson, 2005) Section 54.1 Disclosure of Confidential Information Prohibited., Section 68: Retention of Clients records, Section 68.5 Audit Documentation Retention and Destruction Policy are the policies that when violated can lead to criminal or vivil accountant liabilities. The controversy involving powerful institutions has made an immense impact in the corporate world leading to their downfall and the implementation of stringent laws of the government. Enron and Arthur Andersen faced the collapse of their careers which affected the industry and the birth of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The largest bankruptcy in history marked the existence of fraudulent accounting procedures by Enron and Arthur Andersen in 2001. the once blue chip stock ended up to be valued for small meager amounts. Most of Enron’s profits were from transactions with controlled limited partnerships which turned into debts that were not reported on its financial statements The economic implications of the Enron case included the accounting industry’s review of their financial policies with the fear of having the same fate as Enron. Other companies who also used the same aggressive accounting methods as Enron have been affected. They steered away from the limelight and have seemed to have lay-low for the meantime while the issues are still steaming.. The existence of corporate fraud was verified by the emergence of the Enron case. With this, President George W Bush enacted a new law which targets the detection and prevention of company fraud. The US Pension regulations underwent scrutiny when it was found out that the worker of Enron lost a huge amount of money due to their pensions scheme being invested largely in Enron’s own stocks. The accounting profession tried to reconsider its structure and policies to be able to take notes of those that need to

My Ethics Awareness Inventory Summary Essay Example for Free

My Ethics Awareness Inventory Summary Essay In my Ethical Awareness Inventory I believe in what is right. Ethical awareness is gaining an insight in the perspective of having the determination of what you believe is wrong or right. My beliefs in decision making and obligation are mainly in the core values of the best ethical decision and what core beliefs I believe inspire my values and morality. The core beliefs I chose were character, obligation, results, and equity. I believe an obligation to make the right decision is very important in any decision making process. Results show how a person can provide the character that motivates them in the equity that is chosen to make the right choice. Factors that influence my decision making is pressure from peers and the pressure from the above, interest groups, personal financial gain, chance to get ahead, limited information to get ahead, convenience, and threats in the workplace that are used if not abiding by the Code of Ethics, which is a document signed when hired at a place of employment. Ethical Awareness is the key to sound ethical judgment. The answers to the questions posed in the EAI Inventory will assist you to make the â€Å"right† decision, but it is important to remember that there is no easy shortcut to ethical decision making. It requires you to make an important personal judgment about a matter that will have a significant impact on the lives of real people—not some faceless mass (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2011). Obligations category defines my selections as individuals that I may work with as argumentative about the society who may not be able to work in their own best interest. Obligations to me are very important and need to look at as being at the top of a list and adhered to as promises made to be taken care of as soon as possible. In my own life the results have pretty much matched on how I am in real life, especially the personal financial gain. I always run short of money and looking for more ways to earn more. Another way is more information being available to me. I always have been willing to learn as much as I can to know about my tasks and duties within a job or even in my personal life. I was raised with strong personal ethics and apply those to my professional and personal life. In the educational field I have learned that ethics in decision making can be different than what I believe. My decision making is of right or wrong. In a professional setting the decision making can be one or the other due to the Code of Ethics and the supervisors that are the last say in a decision. My thinking has been altered to some point to obligations as to the community and diversity which shows how much we should think about the other cultures that have issues that need assistance and our ethical views which are a difference than what most are altered from my core beliefs. Reference Williams Institute(2011). (6th ed): www. ethics-twi. org [emailprotected] org. Retrieved April 23, 2012 from: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/Vendors/TWI/EAI/

Gender Issues In Lysistrata Essay -- essays research papers

Human beings are amazing creatures. Our history has shown spectacular and shameful events from day one. Throughout the course of history we have seen both war and peace. More war than peace, but the point still remains. That we, as a human race, have accomplished many wonderful intellectual break-throughs but we have also done very stupid deeds. Its amazing how a creature of such great intelligence could separate, segregate, discriminate, dehumanize, and enslave members of its own human race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The world as we speak is existing because of gender issues. Going back to days of Adam and Eve. When God asked Adam not to eat from the apple tree, it was Eve, with her feminine lure, who was able to convince Adam to disobey Gods rules and eat the apple. Yet when God came to punish Adam for disobeying the rules, Adam pointed to Eve and blamed her for luring him into the sin of eating the apple. Yet in reality it was the serpent, which was the devil, that lured them into eating the apple. But of course Adam, being male had to blame Eve, the female. Which is typical male behavior to blame the woman, my sister says. In general men don’t take responsibility for their actions. Michealangelo has portrayed all this on the Sistienth Chapel. He has painted a picture that is portraying God punishing Adam for eating the apple. In this painting Adam loses his masculine image by pointing to Eve and blaming her for the problems that were caused by eating the apple.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Men threw out history have always been perceived as strong, powerful, heroic beings. Men are depicted as fighters, providers, and of course first class citizens. While woman on the other hand have always been perceived as weak, fainty, delicate homemakers, and unintelligent. Their main purpose in life is to cater for the men, and take care of the house and kids. And of course they were perceived as second class citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The focus of this paper is to analyze the gender issues and differences that existed in all three plays. I would like to relate and compare these issues to our past as humans and to our modern day present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We see a wide array of controversial gender issues arise in Lysistrata. This play starts off by showing the main character as a strong independent woman. The beginning of the play focuses on Lysistrata resentment and anger toward the woman of the town. She sees her ow... ...uff and leave the town, with out ridicule and hardship. They seemed to be â€Å"stuck';, in the sense that is very hard to leave a small town.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The role of the women was to get married, stay home and take care of the kids, while the man provides and puts food on the table. This view is still somewhat shared with our society today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion it would be safe to say that all three plays relate gender issues to their time set. We can see many similarities within all three of these plays, and we can also see similarities that arise with our culture today. Even though today women are not treated as bad as they were. It is sad to say that even in the year 2000 women don’t have equal rights and don’t get equal treatment. Women still make .70 cents to the dollar as men. Their role is still to be the homemaker. And they hold such a small percentage of any policy making position. To think of all the lost talent and all the advances that could have been made to help our society is truly a sad and inhuman thought, that can get any one angry with our history. If one was to really think about it, the human race has not made much progress with the treatment of women.

Analysing The Baby Bonus Scheme Health And Social Care Essay

For the past few old ages, aging population has been the chief concern faced by several developed states. British Columbia is one state that faced an aging population. Much research was conducted in this state to work out the job and it was revealed that the chief cause of this state of affairs is the worsening of birthrate rate over decennaries [ 1 ] . Entire Fertility Rate ( TFR ) is defined as the figure of kids an mean adult female would hold presuming that she lives her full generative life-time [ 2 ] . Considered as a developed state, Singapore has besides faced a serious job of worsening TFR. With TFR of 1.16 in 2010 [ 3 ] , Singapore is ranked hundred-and-seventieth [ 4 ] in the universe and arguably one of the lowest TFR in the universe. Singapore authorities has implemented some policies to promote Singaporean to hold more kids, and hence increase the TFR. The latest and most comprehensive policy to this terminal is the babe fillip strategy. A group of research workers from Melbourne Institution of Applied Economics and Social Research investigated the consequence of babe fillip towards TFR. Based on their theoretical account ; baby fillip exerted a little positive consequence on birthrate purpose which leaded to a positive impact on birthrate rate. The consequence seemed to be stronger for 2nd and perchance higher-order numbered kids. In add-on, the consequence showed that fillip consequence is lasting [ 5 ] . However this survey could non find that the consequence would be similar in local context, Singapore. Since there is no formal research particular on look intoing TFR and pamper fillip strategy, our research will concentrate chiefly on look intoing the effectivity of babe fillip on TFR and position of the immature coevals with respects to this strategy. We regard a policy is effectual when it is able to change by reversal the current diminishing tendency of TFR. We will besides look into the most of import factor that peoples consider with respects to be aftering for kids. Suggestions that will function to better the effectivity of this policy will be given every bit good. The expected consequence for our analysis is that babe fillip is less effectual in increasing Singaporeis TFR. Other factors such as the psychological-thinking and societal factors which may impact TFR will non be included in our survey. To do our research clearer and all-rounded, we introduce two subdivisions under debut, which describe the worsening tendency of TFR from 1990 to 2000 and reexamine the factors that affect TFR. The treatment of this paper will be separated into two chief parts, which are the method subdivision and consequences and treatment subdivision. The first portion will concentrate on explicating our study method and stuffs that we obtained from authorities records. Under the consequence subdivision, we will discourse our analysis utilizing primary and secondary informations. The treatment focuses on effectivity of baby fillip policy in Singapore. Finally in the decision subdivision we will sum up the important findings of our survey and specify the background for future research to deduce better methods to get by with birthrate. 1.1 Singapore Demographic Pattern Figure 1.1 The new way of policy since the 1990is is in stressing the importance of get downing a household and holding multiple kids to a successful and all-around life. As seen from figure above, the TFR has continued to worsen steadily throughout the late ninetiess and early 2000s. This has raised concerns to the authorities as it is below the replacing rate of 2.1 [ 6 ] that is needed by Singapore. 1.2 Review of factors impacting TFR 1.2.1. Education derived function and alterations in political orientation Education gives one a strong head of their ain in prosecuting their dreams that include a stable and esteemed calling. A twenty-four hours of 24 hours will be used to prosecute their dreams, go forthing minimum clip for household planning and childbirth. Puting high value on work by both females and males would increase the chance cost of holding kids. This might explicate the falling tendency in TFR. 1.2.2. Fiscal grounds The lifting costs of life and holding babes are discouraging newly-weds from childbearing. The mean earning of an employee is about S $ 4000 per month in 2010 [ 7 ] . If we were to take merely two most basic disbursals, kid lovingness fees and hospitalization measures that are incurred during and instantly after gestating, we can cognize that fiscal load is an disposed account for the worsening TFR in Singapore. Childcare services are priced at S $ 776 and S $ 572 for mean full twenty-four hours and half twenty-four hours fees severally in 2010 [ 8 ] . While hospitalization fee for female parents after bringing in an mean ward of B2 fluctuates between S $ 1000 and S $ 1200 [ 9 ] . The entire charge for these two constituents of expected disbursals can amount to S $ 2000, which is already half of the wage of an mean worker in Singapore. Such high degree of disbursement on one kid can so deter a important figure of newly-weds in holding kids, and our analysis is non even taking into hi story the changeless economy of financess for advanced acquisition and schooling in Singapore every bit good as day-to-day disbursals on nutrient and vesture for the kid. Clearly, childbearing is non an easy undertaking as it takes old ages of support from the point of gestating till the point of independency. Fiscal restraints can possibly be the most of import ground why there is a diminution in TFR observed in Singapore. 2. Method We use secondary and primary informations to discourse the effectivity of babe fillip strategy. Secondary information was obtained from administrative records while primary informations was taken from study. The sample of our study was NTU undergraduates aged from 19 to 26 and selected by convenience sampling. We restricted our sample merely on Singaporeans and Singaporean PRs because babe fillip strategy is more eligible to them. The targeted size was 100 participants, 50 males and 50 females. A pilot study was done on 50 respondents with our drafted sample study. We received feedback that our inquiries were insistent and ill-defined. Leading inquiries were besides heedlessly included. Some of the open-ended inquiries were left space, demoing that the inquiries discouraged participants to reply wholly. Consequences shown from this pilot study were inconsistent and hard to analyse accurately. To better on our research work, we conducted another study with freshly phrased inquiries which are simpler and more straightforward. At the start, we had inquiries aiming the figure of kids our respondents are be aftering to hold. The consequences here gave us a unsmooth thought of the TFR that Singapore will hold with its current subsidy policies in topographic point. Subsequently, we required respondents to rank the factors that affect their determination on the figure of kids they were to hold. The most highly-ranked factors can help Singapore in planing or revising constabularies for greater impact on Singaporeis TFR. Next, we had inquiry taking to happen out whether babe fillip had a say in their household planning. This was to find the comparative importance of babe fillip strategy. Relatively high importance placed by Singaporean will let greater infinite for control over the population size. We besides suggested a superior system for Singaporeis authorities inducement strategy to happen out about the policy that authorities should concentrate on. Last, we welcomed suggestions from respondents to give them an avenue for showcasing their point of views sing the subsidy policies in inquiry. 3. Result and Discussion The Baby Bonus Scheme is a two-tiered strategy, comprising of a direct hard currency gift from the authorities and a co-saving agreement in which the authorities lucifers dollar for dollar the sum parents put into a Child Development Account ( CDA ) , capable to a maximal sum [ 10 ] . It was foremost implemented in 2001. With the babe fillip strategy, 2nd or 3rd kid can convey important pecuniary benefits for the parents from 2001 [ 10 ] . The Baby Bonus Scheme did assist to settle the concerns of twosomes who find the fiscal load of raising a kid excessively heavy to bear. Monetary wagess given out to parents can be used subsidise the childis early old ages of instruction and medical demands. Figure 3.1 Table 3.2 From the figure above, we noticed that between 1997 and 1998, TFR dropped significantly by 0.15, compared to a twelvemonth before where the lessening was 0.06. We notice that there was a important difference in the lessening. A possible account is that Asiatic fiscal crisis had taken topographic point during 1997-1998 and this might back up our outlook that fiscal factors are impacting the determination of twosomes to hold kids. The authorities may therefore make up one's mind to undertake the low TFR job from the fiscal facet by implementing babe fillip strategy in 2001. 3.1. Secondary informations Figure 3.2 shows that after execution of the babe fillip policy, the TFR from 2001-2004 dropped by 0.15. In the span of four old ages ( 1997-2000 ) we observed that TFR had dropped by 0.20. Comparing these two Numberss, TFR still falls, but it is falling at a diminishing rate, this suggests that babe fillip is so effectual to a certain extent. There was a alteration of policy in 2004 because the declared end of returning birthrate to replacement had non been achieved. Under the new strategy, the hard currency gift that parents received from the authorities was increased for the first to 4th born kid. Looking at period of 2004-2008, there was an overall addition of TFR by 0.02. Further sweetening was done in 2008. However looking at the TFR tendency, it showed a autumn of TFR by 0.12 from 2008-2010. Hence, the effectivity of babe fillip is so problematic. In decision, the execution of babe fillip is good in assisting to decelerate down the lessening in TFR but it was non able to change by reversal the tendency. This shows that baby fillip policy is uneffective in increasing the TFR. 3.2. Primary informations The consequences attained from our study will be brooding of the younger coevals about their position towards the authorities subsidy policies. 3.2.1 Entire Fertility Rate Figure 3.3 Figure 3.3 shows that 56 % our participants planned to hold a two kids and 20 % of them chose three kids. The per centum of people non be aftering to hold any kid is 10 % . This can be interpreted that most of the respondents will be willing to hold kids. TFR Gender Female Male Both female and male Average or average 1.76 2.3 2.03 Standard Error ( Deviation ) 0.87037 0.99488 0.96875 Table 3.4 To specify the entire birthrate rate more accurately, we will look into the different in expected TFR for both genders. Our findings show that if male is the determination shaper, the TFR will be 2.3 and if it is female, the expected TFR is 1.76. To acquire an accurate scope for the expected Entire Fertility Rate, we will use the interval appraisal method. We used 95 % assurance interval ( C.I ) as our base. For given a, ( 100- 100a ) % assurance interval means that ( 100- 100a ) % in chance that the true value of this TFR is inside this estimated interval. Hence, the value of a is equal to 0.05 if we use 95 % C.I. The lower edge of assurance interval is defined as ( X-tn-1 ( a /2 ) * s/vn ) , and ( X+ tn-1 ( a /2 ) * s/vn ) is the upper edge for assurance interval. We get the value of tn-1 ( a /2 ) from the t-distribution tabular array. Explanations: 1. N is the sample size 2. Ten is the mean ( refer to postpone 3.4 ) 3. s is defined as standard mistake ( mention to postpone 3.4 ) 4. t49 ( 0.025 ) = 2.01 and t99 ( 0.025 ) = 1.984 Therefore, the estimated interval of TFR when male is the determination shaper is 2.01720 = TFR = 2.58280 While the estimated interval of TFR when female is the determination shaper is 1.51259 = TFR = 2.00741. As the optimal TFR of the authorities is 2.1 [ 6 ] , we can see that if female was the determination shaper, the TFR is below 2.1. However, in doing determination of holding kids, it is non up to one person merely but a joint determination by both male and female. Therefore, it will be more appropriate if we consider the norm TFR as the expected TFR in the hereafter. The expected TFR in the hereafter is between 1.83780 and 2.22220 utilizing the interval appraisal method 3.2.2 Ranking of factors Figure 3.5 The above information show the figure of participants that give rank i1i for the factor that they consider as the most of import with respects to child planning. Consequences revealed that 58 out of 100 respondents chose fiscal factors, followed by calling with 19 out of 100 participants. This consequence supported our outlook that fiscal is the most influential factor with respects to be aftering for kids. Hence, our research will be valuable in helping to better the TFR. 3.2.3 Baby fillip strategy Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Figure 3.6 shows that 90 % of the respondents knew the babe fillip strategy, this suggests that the participants are cognizant of the babe fillip strategy. From figure 3.7, 50 % of the participantis determination is affected by the babe fillip strategy. With this sum, we might non be able to reason that it is effectual. However, sing the state of affairs without the strategy, the TFR that we calculated supra has a high likeliness that it is traveling to be lower. This is because half of the participants might make up one's mind to take down their figure of kids planned if babe fillip strategy had non been implemented. Hence, the effectivity of babe fillip is problematic. Figure 3.8 The figure above shows the grounds why Baby Bonus does non impact participantsi determination. 24 out of 50 people thought that babe fillip subsidy is deficient. This shows that they are non satisfied with the current strategy. If pecuniary benefits to be increased, there is a high possibility that this strategy will be more important to increase the TFR. This is besides supported by the grounds, that babe fillip alteration in 2004 was effectual, as TFR increased by 0.02. Figure 3.9 Figure 3.9 shows the figure of participants that give rank i1i for the authorities subsidy policies that they consider as the most of import. As shown above, there is important figure of participants that prioritized health care, instruction and lodging loan with 27 % , 26 % and 25 % severally. However, merely 9 % of the participants chose baby fillip policy as the most of import policy. This shows that authorities should non concentrate their alteration of policies merely on babe fillip. The information suggested that there is an emerging tendency, that people are more disquieted about wellness attention, instruction and lodging affairs. Hence it is advisable that the authorities looks into these three subsidy policies in greater deepness to increase the Singaporeis TFR. Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11 If we separate our treatment into different genders, the impact of babe fillip strategy is greater on males. Referred to calculate 3.10 and 3.11, 60 % of the maleis determination was affected by the strategy, while 40 % of female participants were affected. This shows that babe fillip strategy plays a larger function in act uponing the maleis determination. Uniting the findings, TFR is below the replacing rate of 2.1 if female is the determination shaper. This means authorities should aim more on females and seek to increase the figure of kids they would be after to hold to increase the TFR. As shown from the figure 3.5, females considered fiscal factor as their precedence with 32 out of 50 female participants ranking it as figure 1. With this, focal point should still be given to fiscal factors, such as increasing pecuniary benefits to increase the willingness of adult females to hold more kids. Merely 40 % of the femaleis determination was affected by the babe fillip. We can deduce that increasing the subsidy for babe fillip may be less effectual. Hence, greater focal point should be placed on other subsidy benefits such as health care subsidy, instruction and lodging loans as shown from the figure 3.9. 4. Decision This undertaking studied the impact of Singaporeis babe fillip policy on its entire birthrate rate. Baby fillip policy is non effectual in change by reversaling the tendency of the TFR. However, credits have to be given to pamper fillip as TFR was worsening at a diminishing rate. From our study, we conclude that fiscal facet is the most of import factor in oneis determination in household planning. We found that the expected TFR for female is below the replacing rate ; therefore greater focal point should be put on females. Greater accent should besides be placed on wellness attention, instruction and lodging affairs. One restriction of our undertaking could be found in our study sample. Because the study is conducted within school compounds, we treated all Singaporean respondents as a homogeneous group of highly-educated personal. This is non representative for the whole of Singapore population. We would urge future research to be conducted on a more heterogenous study sample so tha t Singaporean of all backgrounds can be reached.

Freedom is being accepted

Freedom is defined as â€Å"the state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint† (Dictonary. com). When you arrive to a new town you are somewhat free, although unless you are accepted by the town, you won’t feel free. In his short story, The Strangers that Came to Town, Ambrose Flack shows that true freedom is about being accepted. This is shown by the people in town mocking the Duvitches for who they are, and also by Tom and Andy poisoning the Duvitches fish they caught. The Duvitches don’t feel accepted until the dinner at the Duvitches that changes their perspective on how they are. Firstly, the town mocks the Duvitches about everything. â€Å"Before she could put a stop to it, some of their classmates scoffed at the leaf, lard and black bread sandwiches they ate for lunch, huddled in one corner of the recreation room, dressed in their boiled-out ragpickers’ clothes†(Flack 4). In this statement the Duvitch kids don’t feel freedom at school because they are not accepted due to what they eat and how they are dressed. Even the school principal is not very accepting to the Duvitch kids. â€Å"Mrs. Lovejoy, the principal, said they were bright, conscientious, pathetically eager but almost pathologically shy† (Flack 4). Everyone in town did not accept the Duvitches, this is well stated when Flack says â€Å"To the young Duvitches, like their parents, were considered antisocial† (Flack 4). The Duvitches get mocked by everyone so it is hard for them to be free because nobody in town accepts them. Secondly, when Tom and Andy poison the Duvitches fish, the Duvitches felt like they are not accepted and have no freedom. Not only had Tom and I snatched precious food from their mouths but we had brazenly advertised the contempt in which we held them† (Flack 7). Tom and Andy take away the Duvitches meals for almost a whole week that they are not able to afford, that is a way of showing them that they are not accepted. â€Å"But there was no hostility, no animosity towards us in the man an d it was obvious that he considered himself too humble to receive an apology, finding it, like most of life’s troubles, a mockery to be endured without protest† (Flack 7). This statement shows that the Duvitches never received apologies; they are shocked because they are never accepted anywhere or free from getting mocked. The Duvitches do not deserve to be treated this way and it did not help them get a good taste of freedom because they are not accepted. Thirdly, after the boys recollect all the fish they killed and gave them back to the Duvitches; it makes them, the Duvitches, feel as if they are starting to get accepted in town. Overjoyed to have neighbors in his house, he was so full of himself that I was conscious of an invisible stature in him which made him seem quite as tall as Father† (Flack 14). This is proof that Mr. Duvitch is starting to feel accepted and free in the town because he is constantly smiling and proud of himself. Also the statement when Flack says â€Å"How strange to see the boys and girls throw back their heads and laugh when Father said something that was funny, but not terribly funny. † (Flack 14) This shows that the Duvitches feel freedom; they have freedom to laugh and have fun without having to worry about being accepted. Feeling accepted gives you a reason to smile and have fun and that was produced when they got accepted. In conclusion, true freedom is about being accepted. It’s proven in the story The Strangers that Came to Town when their family is getting mocked by everyone in town, Tom and Andy poisoning the Duvitches fish and when they had dinner at the Duvitches. Freedom comes from feeling accepted by your surroundings, if you aren’t accepted by them how do you expect to be happy and feel free from negativity?   

Types of Suture Essay Example

Types of Suture Essay Example Types of Suture Essay Types of Suture Essay Types of Sutures 1) Surgical Sutures 2) Suture Types 1. Absorbable Sutures * Polyglycolic Acid Sutures * Polyglactin 910 Sutures * Catgut Sutures * Poliglecaprone Sutures * Polydioxanone Sutures 2. Non-absorbable Sutures * Polypropylene Sutures * Polyamide / Nylon Sutures * Polyester Sutures * Silk Sutures * Polyvinylidene fluoride / PVDF Sutures * Stainless Steel Sutures Absorbable and non absorbable sutures Sutures can be divided into two types – those which are absorbable and will break down harmlessly in the body over time without intervention, and those which are non-absorbable and must be manually removed if they are not left indefinitely. The type of suture used varies on the operation, with the major criteria being the demands of the location and environment and depends on the discretion and professional experience of the Surgeons. * Sutures to be placed internally would require re-opening if they were to be removed. Sutures which lie on the exterior of the body can be removed within minutes, and without re-opening the wound. As a result, absorbable sutures are often used internally; non-absorbable externally. * Sutures to be placed in a stressful environment, for example the heart (constant pressure and movement) or the bladder (adverse chemical presence) may require specialized or stronger materials to perform their role; usually such sutures are either specially treated, or made of special materials, and are often non-absorbable to reduce the risk of degradation. Absorbable sutures include :- Polyglycolic Acid sutures, Polyglactin 910 , Catgut, Poliglecaprone 25 and Polydioxanone sutures. Non-Absorbable sutures include :- Polypropylene utures, Nylon (poylamide), Polyester, PVDF, silk and stainless steel sutures. Monofilament and Multifilament Sutures Sutures can also be divided into two types on the basis of material structure i. e. monofilament sutures and multifilament or braided sutures. Braided sutures provide better knot security whereas monofilament sutures provide better passage through tissues. In general, Monofilament sutures elicit lower tissue reaction compared to braided sutures. Monofilament sutures include :- Polypropylene sutures, Catgut, Nylon, PVDF, Stainless steel, Poliglecaprone and Polydioxanone sutures. Multifilament or braided sutures include :- PGA sutures, Polyglactin 910, silk and polyester sutures. Synthetic and Natural Sutures Surgical sutures can also be divided into two types on the basis of raw material origin i. e. natural and synthetic sutures. Natural sutures include silk and catgut sutures whereas all other sutures are synthetic in nature. Suture Techniques Running, or Continuous Stitch| The Running stitch is made with one continuous length of suture material. Used to close tissue layers which require close approximation, such as the peritoneum. May also be used in skin or blood vessels. The advantages of the running stitch are speed of execution, and accommodation of edema during the wound healing process. However, there is a greater potential for malapproximation of wound edges than with the interrupted stitch. | | Interrupted Stitch| Each stitch is tied separately. May be used in skin or underlying tissue layers. More exact approximation of wound edges can be achieved with this technique than with the running stitch. | | Mattress Suture| A double stitch that is made parallel (horizontal mattress) or perpendicular (vertical mattress) to the wound edge. Chief advantage of this technique is strength of closure; each stitch penetrates each side of the wound twice, and is inserted deep into the tissue. | | Purse String| A continuous stitch paralleling the edges of a circular wound. The wound edges are inverted when tied. Commonly used to close circular wounds, such as a hernia or an appendiceal stump. | | Smead-Jones/Far-and-Near| A double loop technique alternating near and far stitches. Commonly used for approximating fascial edges. | | Continuous Locking, or Blanket Stitch| A self-locking running stitch used primarily for approximating skin edges. |

Innovative New Business Models in Telecommunications Mobil essays

Innovative New Business Models in Telecommunications Mobil essays Project: Innovative New Business Models in Telecommunications Mobile Commerce Mobile Commerce is any transaction with a monetary value that is conducted via a mobile telecommunication network. According to this definition, mobile commerce represents a subset of all E-Commerce transactions, both in the Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer area. In other words it is a retail outlet at customers hand to access and transact business 24 hours non stop anywhere. Attributes of Mobile Commerce Mobile Commerce Market Drivers Accessing Internet facilities M-Commerce Enabling Technologies M-Commerce Business Models and Applications Key Success Factors of M-Commerce and other related issues M-Commerce Indian Perspective Barely before Internet-facilitated e-commerce has begun to take hold, a new wave of technology-driven commerce has started - mobile (m-) commerce. Fueled by the increasing saturation of mobile technology, such as phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs), m-commerce promises to inject considerable change into the way certain activities are inducted. Equipped with micro-browsers and other mobile applications, the new range of mobile technologies offer the Internet in the consumer's pocket for which the consumer possibilities are endless, including banking, booking or buying tickets, shopping and real-time news. (The Mobile commerce value chain : Analysis and future developments, international Journal of Information management, Stuart J Barnes, Apr 2002) Advances in wireless technology increase the number of mobile device users and give pace to the rapid development of e-commerce using these devices. The new type of e-commerce, conducting transactions via mobile terminals, is called mobile commerce. Due to its inherent characteristics such as ubiquity, personalization, flexibility, and dissemination, mo...

Definition and Examples of Deep Reading

Definition and Examples of Deep Reading Deep reading is the active process of thoughtful and deliberate reading carried out to enhance ones comprehension and enjoyment of a text. Contrast with skimming or superficial reading. Also called slow reading. The term deep reading was coined by Sven Birkerts in The Gutenberg Elegies (1994): Reading, because we control it, is adaptable to our needs and rhythms. We are free to indulge our subjective associative impulse; the term I coin for this is deep reading: the slow and meditative possession of a book. We dont just read the words, we dream our lives in their vicinity. Deep Reading Skills By deep reading, we mean the array of sophisticated processes that propel comprehension and that include inferential and deductive reasoning, analogical skills, critical analysis, reflection, and insight. The expert reader needs milliseconds to execute these processes; the young brain needs years to develop them. Both of these pivotal dimensions of time are potentially endangered by the digital cultures pervasive emphases on immediacy, information loading, and a media-driven cognitive set that embraces speed and can discourage deliberation in both our reading and our thinking.(Maryanne Wolf and Mirit Barzillai, The Importance of Deep Reading. Challenging the Whole Child: Reflections on Best Practices in Learning, Teaching, and Leadership, ed. by Marge Scherer. ASCD, 2009) [D]eep reading requires human beings to call upon and develop attentional skills, to be thoughtful and fully aware. . . .Unlike watching television or engaging in the other illusions of entertainment and pseudo-events, deep reading is not an escape, but a discovery. Deep reading provides a way of discovering how we are all connected to the world and to our own evolving stories. Reading deeply, we find our own plots and stories unfolding through the language and voice of others.(Robert P. Waxler and Maureen P. Hall, Transforming Literacy: Changing Lives Through Reading and Writing. Emerald Group, 2011) Writing and Deep Reading Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I dont mean merely conscious; I mean  awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.(Mortimer J. Adler and  Charles Van Doren, How to Read a Book. Rpt. by Touchstone, 2014) Deep Reading Strategies [Judith] Roberts and [Keith] Roberts [2008] rightly identify students desire to avoid the deep reading process, which involves substantial time-on-task. When experts read difficult texts, they read slowly and reread often. They struggle with the text to make it comprehensible. They hold confusing passages in mental suspension, having faith that later parts of the text may clarify earlier parts. They nutshell passages as they proceed, often writing gist statements in the margins. They read a difficult text a second and a third time, considering first readings as approximations or rough drafts. They interact with the text by asking questions, expressing disagreements, linking the text with other readings or with personal experience.But resistance to deep reading may involve more than an unwillingness to spend the time. Students may actually misunderstand the reading process. They may believe that experts are speed readers who dont need to struggle. Therefore students assume that their own reading difficulties must stem from their lack of expertise, which makes the text too hard for them. Consequently, they dont allot the study time needed to read a text deeply.(John C. Bean, Engaging Ideas: The Professors Guide to Integrating Writing, Critical Thinking, and Active Learning in the Classroom, 2nd ed. Jossey-Bass, 2011 Deep Reading and the Brain In one fascinating study, conducted at Washington Universitys Dynamic Cognition Laboratory and published in the journal Psychological Science in 2009, researchers used brain scans to examine what happens inside peoples heads as they read fiction. They found that readers mentally simulate each new situation encountered in a narrative. Details about actions and sensation are captured from the text and integrated with personal knowledge from past experiences. The brain regions that are activated often mirror those involved when people perform, imagine, or observe similar real-world activities. Deep reading, says the studys lead researcher, Nicole Speer, is by no means a passive exercise. The reader becomes the book.(Nicholas Carr, The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. W.W. Norton, 2010 [Nicholas] Carrs charge [in the article Is Google Making Us Stupid? The Atlantic, July 2008] that superficiality bleeds over into other activities such as deep reading and analysis is a serious one for scholarship, which is almost entirely constituted of such activity. In this view engagement with technology is not just a distraction, or another pressure on an overloaded academic, but is positively dangerous. It becomes something akin to a virus, infecting the key critical engagement skills required for scholarship to function. . . .What is . . . not clear is if people are engaging in new types of activity that replace the function of deep reading.(Martin Weller, The Digital Scholar: How Technology is Transforming Scholarly Practice. Bloomsbury Academic, 2011)

Understanding of health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Understanding of health - Essay Example As a result of the controversy surrounding the changes currently being proposed by the President of the United States, the issue of healthcare in America is particularly timely and relevant. Seeking to understand healthcare from an issue-based perspective and attempting a holistic analysis, this essay will compare and contrast the medical model of healthcare with the social model of health. Following this we will debate which model is the most important to health today giving examples as to why this might be. In the United States, health insurance coverage ensures that basic healthcare can be accessed by all. Individual comprehensive health insurance plans depend on an one’s age, employment status, residency, and race/ethnicity. Medicare is a federal government funded insurance program for disabled young adults, persons above the age of 65, and those with permanent disabilities who become eligible for Social Security. A racial difference in coverage among Medicare beneficiaries has also been found to influence difference in supplemental care. Most individuals rely on private healthcare plans for the coverage that they need and the Obama administration is seeking to implement a single payer government system of healthcare as part of his reform package as opposed to market-based reform. Decried by detractors as â€Å"socialism†, Obama’s plan proposes that the government become more actively involved in healthcare provision and argues that the reform will cost a total o f $1 trillion USD. Seeking to address the issues at stake, the following will provide a concise overview of theories of healthcare in America, as well as around the world, today (Smedley et al. 2003; Reuters, 2009). There are two important theoretical models of healthcare which will be discussed in this analysis. The first is the medical model of healthcare and it represents the

Islam in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Islam in Business - Essay Example Fiqh muamalt is the study of financial and economic transactions from an Islamic outlook which is a branch of Islamic jurisprudence that is related with commerce and residual economic activities. For Islamic economic concepts, Arabic phrases are employed and shariah compliant financial products are very popular in the Islamic business circle. Shariah offers guiding norms for day-to-day living for a Muslim but following the same is a matter of belief and conscience and not of enforcement by governments. In the majority of the Islamic nations, Islamic banking is only a matter of preference and the only Muslim country in the World, i.e. Iran has made rules that all banks must adhere with fiqh muamalt under Usury Free Banking Law that was introduced in 1983. Fatwa refers to the rulings given by Shariah scholars and these are given through reasoning by scholars and endeavoring to apply fiqh to present financial and economic transactions and this process is known as ijtihad and in real pra ctice, this needs interpretation of contractual deeds concerning financial transactions and economic activities and making sure that it is unfailing with shariah. (Wilson 177). This research essay dwells into how Islamic practices apply in business, economics and banking (commercialism, profiteering, loans & interest, partnerships, etc) and how Islam dictates one conducts oneself in business in a detailed manner. Islam and Business Muslims are permitted to engross in trade and business as long as it is lawful and not detrimental to either society or the economy. Islam also permits to acquire wealth through business and however, a Muslim should not have any pride in his wealth. Further, in Islam, greed and miserliness are regarded as sins. A Muslim is considered to be only a temporary guardian of any wealth that he acquires as all wealth is the belongings of Allah. Islam expects that business is run on the moral principle, and it shuns fraud, dishonesty, misrepresentation and deceit in business. Dealing in illegal goods (haram) is prohibited in Islam. Islam also prohibits lotteries. Gambling and business linked with distribution and sale of alcohol. The following are some of the prohibited business activities under Islam. Price manipulation Price gouging and Hoarding by artificially reducing supply of products, especially food products. Government price control initiatives except in some unavoidable scenarios. Interference in the free markets Buying stolen property Cultivating plants like hashish and poppy and raising pigs. Business profits that are generated through halal (legal) business activities are permitted and not any haram (illegal) business activities. A Muslim is needed to respect his business debts. (Khan 1999). The fundamental principle is that Muslims are permitted to purchase whatever he needs like products that Allah has allowed from both Muslims and kaafirs. It is to be noted that Allah himself purchased products from the Jews. However, if a Mu slim avoids purchasing goods from another Muslim for no good reason like bad products, high prices or deceit goods , then that will be considered as harram. Doing business with Kaffirs mean reducing business with the Muslim and thereby obstructing Muslims to sell their products or to make the success in their business efforts. (Abdul -Rahman 7). The one who proscribes the goods of the Kuffaar mean that they are waging an endless war with the Islam, intending thereby to manifest the truth

Interest Rates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interest Rates - Essay Example Thirdly and lastly, the lender has to be compensated for the decrease in value of the money due to inflation, for example a dozen eggs might cost 100rs today and after a year they might cost 110rs, so if I have loaned any one 100rs I will want 110rs back because that is what 100rs is NOW worth or that is the equivalent value. There are basically two theories that explain how interest rates are decided upon, one is the 'Loanable Funds Theory' also known as the classical theory and the other one is 'Keynesian Theory' also known as the liquidity preference theory. The loanable funds theory is the older one of the two theories and according to this theory the interest rates are determined by the demand for loanable funds by firms and the supply of these funds by the banking and other investment funds, it suggests that interest rates are determined in the same way as demand for other goods and services is determined i.e. by finding the equilibrium position of the demand and supply of the relative product.

The Cider ahouse Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cider ahouse Rules - Essay Example The movie contains many poignant and touching moments in it that lend itself for psychological analysis. For example, from a developmental psychology viewpoint, the fact that Homer is returned twice to the orphanage was bound to leave deep scars on the formative psyche of the young boy, who would struggle to form lasting attachments to other humans as a consequence. Also, the manner in which he was treated by these couples was also abusive to a degree. These abusive relationships interrupt Homer Wells’ proper psychological development as is evident from further events in the story. The relationship between Dr. Larch (played by Michael Caine) and young Homer needs to be studied in the afore-mentioned context. Despite getting trained to perform abortions (under the tutelage of Dr. Larch) Homer personally disapproves of the practice. This comes to a dramatic fore when he is faced with a situation in which Erykah (the daughter of Mr. Rose) comes to him for abortion. But considerin g that Erykah was forcefully and incestuously impregnated by her own father, Homer makes an exception to his usual rule and performs the operation. The true character of Homer’s psychological makeup further comes to light when he resorts to kill Mr. Rose in order to prevent Erykah getting raped again.

MGMT 4500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MGMT 4500 - Essay Example This position in the airline’s context is determined by the number of domestic passengers served by the airline. The airline’s portfolio has been built by both strengths and weaknesses. While scenario is relatively a normal phenomenon to almost every business venture, the measures employed by Southwest Airlines in exploiting its strengths and addressing the underlying weaknesses are critical and unique its performance. The company primarily concentrates in domestic passenger travel services, giving it a local advantage. However, in international terms, its business performance is based on collaboration with international airlines. Prior to local, regional or international success, Southwest Airlines has outstanding strengths that maintain its top position in meeting air travel demands for the domestic market. Customer service is one of the critical areas that the airline roots its strengths in. The airline has in the past undertaken and continues to undertake service evaluation with regard to customer expectations. In this customer service practice, Southwest Airlines seeks to identify loopholes in its line of service. Customers are the primary determining factors of the success of a business venture. The management and the employees of the Southwest Airlines critically accounts for this fact by striving to meet customer satisfaction in air travel services. Customer feedbacks are presently used as a tool for designing, formulating and implementing customer service policies in the company. Employee base and the number of flights offered per day is an essential current strength. By close of business year 2011, Southwest Airlines had an employee base of 37,000, and offered up to 3,300 flights a day (Hill & Gareth, 2012). This has been realized to due to the ever rising customer volume especially in the last two years. The effectiveness, efficiency and commitment to duty by its workforce, Southwest

Science Fiction and Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Science Fiction and Film - Essay Example Further, rather than limiting the text, science fiction constructs have been argued to actually engender more insightful philosophical investigations. In a popular science fiction blog, writer Brad Templeton (2010) recently indicated, In mainstream literature, the clichà © is that the purpose of literature is to â€Å"explore the human condition.† SF tends to expand that, to explore both the human condition and the nature of the technology and societies we create, as well as the universe itself†¦ The best hard SF thus explores the total human condition. In this sense, the futuristic settings and slightly fantastical subject matter aid the text in constructing an investigation into the nature of humanity that otherwise couldn’t be as successfully broached in more traditional writing or film. While the nature of science fiction is broad to the extent that it can encompass most literary examinations, it seems that despite its genre characteristics the central concern of the science fiction text is the examination of the humanity of its characters. In Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner and the Wachowski brother’s The Matrix the nature of humanity is literally explored through the philosophical investigation of what it means to be human. In examining the philosophical quandaries posed by Blade Runner and The Matrix, this essay demonstrates that despite their technologies and futuristic settings, the central concern of these science fiction works is the investigation into humanity and what it means to be human. Blade Runner posits a future world wherein the Tyrell Corporation has constructed a robot so equal in intelligence to its creator that upon its revolt on a distant planet it had to be banned on earth. The film opens with an investigator questioning a man seemingly to discover whether he is a replicant; that is, one of the robotic beings that have been outlawed on earth. By Director Ridley Scott opening the film with this

MGMT 4500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MGMT 4500 - Essay Example This position in the airline’s context is determined by the number of domestic passengers served by the airline. The airline’s portfolio has been built by both strengths and weaknesses. While scenario is relatively a normal phenomenon to almost every business venture, the measures employed by Southwest Airlines in exploiting its strengths and addressing the underlying weaknesses are critical and unique its performance. The company primarily concentrates in domestic passenger travel services, giving it a local advantage. However, in international terms, its business performance is based on collaboration with international airlines. Prior to local, regional or international success, Southwest Airlines has outstanding strengths that maintain its top position in meeting air travel demands for the domestic market. Customer service is one of the critical areas that the airline roots its strengths in. The airline has in the past undertaken and continues to undertake service evaluation with regard to customer expectations. In this customer service practice, Southwest Airlines seeks to identify loopholes in its line of service. Customers are the primary determining factors of the success of a business venture. The management and the employees of the Southwest Airlines critically accounts for this fact by striving to meet customer satisfaction in air travel services. Customer feedbacks are presently used as a tool for designing, formulating and implementing customer service policies in the company. Employee base and the number of flights offered per day is an essential current strength. By close of business year 2011, Southwest Airlines had an employee base of 37,000, and offered up to 3,300 flights a day (Hill & Gareth, 2012). This has been realized to due to the ever rising customer volume especially in the last two years. The effectiveness, efficiency and commitment to duty by its workforce, Southwest

Factors influencing the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions Essay

Factors influencing the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions - Essay Example Role of enzyme: enzymes catalyze physiologic reactions by decreasing the activation energy level that the reactants (substrates) must reach for the reaction to occur. They cannot alter the equilibrium of a reaction but can only decrease the activation energy of the reaction thereby accelerating the reaction rate. Activation energy: it is the amount of energy that is required to raise all molecules in one mole of a compound (substrate) at a specified temperature to the transition state at the peak of the energy barrier. Free energy of activation: it is the energy barrier that prevents chemical reactions. Reactants processing enough energy to overcome the energy barrier participate in product formation .The enzyme activity is determined by the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction under certain defined conditions2. Reaction rate/velocity (v): it is the rate of conversion of a substrate to products per min (mol/min). The reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of reacting molecules.A + B C + D If concentration of A and B is doubled, the rate of reaction is also doubled. At equilibrium, forward reaction and backward reaction are equal, so that K1 A + B C +D K2 Forward reaction R1 = K1 [A] [B] Backward reaction R2 = K2 [C] [D] At equilibrium R1 = R2 OR K1 [A] [B] = K2 [C] [D] OR K1/K2 = [C] [D] / [A] [B] = Keq or Equilibrium constant...Each enzyme contains 2. Catalytic efficiency: enzymes are highly efficient catalysts and can catalyze million times faster than an uncatalyzed reaction .it is capable of transforming 100 to 1000 substrate molecules into products each second. Role of enzyme: enzymes catalyze physiologic reactions by decreasing the activation energy level that the reactants (substrates) must reach for the reaction to occur. They cannot alter the equilibrium of a reaction but can only decrease the activation energy of the reaction thereby accelerating the reaction rate. Activation energy: it is the amount of energy that is required to raise all molecules in one mole of a compound (substrate) at a specified temperature to the transition state at the peak of the energy barrier. Free energy of activation: it is the energy barrier that prevents chemical reactions. Reactants processing enough energy to overcome the energy barrier participate in product formation .The enzyme activity is determined by the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction under certain defined conditions2. 2. Substrate concentration: as substrate concentration is increased, the velocity is also correspondingly increased in initial phases but as the enzymes molecules get saturated and further increase in substrate concentration cannot make any effect in reaction velocity. 3.

Checklist For Evaluating Internal Controls Essay Example for Free

Checklist For Evaluating Internal Controls Essay For publicly traded companies, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires an audit of internal controls. The purpose of an internal control evaluation is to evaluate risk, which offers auditors a basis for audit planning and provides useful information to management (Sox Law, 2006). Auditors typically use the five basic components of internal control to approve the entire system. According to Louwers, Ramsay, Sinason, and Strawser (2007) the five components to internal controls include control environment, risk assessment, control activities, monitoring, and information and communication. Control environment involves the tone of the organization and includes â€Å"the integrity, ethical values, and competence of the companys people† (Louwers, Ramsay, Sinason, Strawser, 2007). Risk assessment involves a thorough assessment which â€Å"identify(s) risks, estimate their significance and likelihood, and consider how to manage the risks† (Louwers, Ramsay, Sinason, Strawser, 2007). Control activities involve specific actions which help ensure that management’s goals and projections are met. Monitoring involves the continuous assessment of internal controls. Information and communication relates to the efficiency and reliability of information and communication regarding how the information is presented and communicated to users. Internal controls protect the financial information and operations of a business. The development and implementation of these controls are typically the responsibility of the business owners. Internal or external audits may be used to gauge the efficiency of internal controls. This audit generally takes place following a standard process of risk measurement regarding the business operations and financial information. The measurement data is most effectively determined by using an internal control checklist. Checklist Phase One: Understand and Document the Client’s Internal Control Obtaining an Understanding Control Environment Evaluation Risk Assessment Evaluation Information and Communication Assessment Phase Two: Assess the Control Risk Phase Three: Test Controls and Review Control Risk Reassess Controls Direction of the Test of Controls Reassess the Control Risk

Developing a Sense of Place in Geography Education

Developing a Sense of Place in Geography Education Developing a sense of place through Key Stage 1 2 Geography Teaching Introduction This paper looks at a particular aspect of teaching and learning geography that is particularly significant: developing a sense of place, as defined under the programme of study Knowledge and Understanding of Places of Key Stage 1 2 of the Primary School National Curriculum. The idea of developing ‘sense of place’ is first discussed in detail and then children’s learning is considered, in terms of what children will actually learn from undertaking this activity, and why this is a valuable part of the curriculum. In terms of what children will actually learn, the paper will consider such things as developing a ‘sense of place’ using an enquiring approach, enhancing children’s perceptions of their locality and their concept of nested hierarchies, developing a vocabulary for geography, enhancing their observation skills and recording skills, during fieldwork, for example. Under the National Curriculum for the UK – Geography, the stated aims and purposes of teaching geography are to stimulate children’s interest in their surroundings and in the variety of human and physical conditions on Earth, to foster a sense of wonder at the beauty of the world, to help children develop a sense of concern about the protection of the Earth’s natural resources and to enhance children’s sense of responsibility for the care of the Earth and it’s peoples (The Standards Site, 2007). The aim of key stage 1 is to develop knowledge, skills and understanding relating to the children’s own immediate environment, in terms of the physical environment and the people who live there, with the focus on developing thinking in a geographical way i.e., utilising questions such as ‘What/where is it?’ (aimed at developing observational skills), ‘What is it like?’ (aimed at developing reporting skills), and ‘How di d it get like this?’ (aimed at developing analytical skills) (The Standards Site, 2007). Key stage 2 geography teaching aims to further develop knowledge of place and peoples, but further afield from the immediate locality, so that children begin to learn about different scales and how they relate to each other and to other places on Earth (The Standards Site, 2007). In terms of the current paper, implicit within these stated aims of Key Stage 1 2 geography teaching, is the development of a child’s perception of ‘a sense of place’, in terms of children being able to firstly recognise where they are, then to be able to describe the features of their immediate environment, and to undertake investigations which would allow them to further explore and understand their immediate environment (The Standards Site, 2007). With these aims in mind, in terms of developing a ‘sense of place’, one of the first recommended units within Key Stage 1 curriculum is entitled ‘Around our school – the local area’ which uses investigative methods to encourage children to look at their immediate, i.e., local, area. The investigative methods include funding out where other children in their class live, in comparison to where they themselves live, for example, locating the school in comparison to other local landmarks they know about, identifying what else can be seen in the streets immediately surrounding the school (for example, traffic lights, car parks etc), describing what the immediate environment is like, investigating what jobs people do in the local area, for example by asking other children what jobs their parents undertake, looking at how people spend their leisure time, for example by asking if other children’s parents have hobbies, or what the other children do in the evenings and at weekends, looking at the local area to see if any building work is taking place, and then discussing how this might change the local area, for better or for worse (The Standards Site, 2007). All of these points can be amplified upon by the teacher, and can be discussed in much greater detail with the individual children, and between groups of children, so that the children really begin to develop some sense of their own ‘sense of place’, in terms of understanding and analysing their own local environments (i.e., their school, their home, their routes between school and home etc.). As can be seen, therefore, the National Curriculum gives a very clear set of guidelines as to how geography should be taught to Key Stage 1 2 aged children, with these guidelines broken down in to easy to manage modules, with each module incorporating new skills (such as investigative skills, reporting skills or analytical skills), beginning with investigations and discussions of the children’s local environment and with each subsequent module designed to take the children a little further afield than their local environment. This, it is aimed, will clearly develop a child’s ‘sense of place’ in terms of first orientating them with regards to their local environment, and then, slowly, introducing them to environments that are further afield, for example, through a progression of scales, of nested hierarchies, i.e., studies of, first, the local town, and then subsequently of the local city, the county, the country, Europe, the world and it’s people. I t is aimed that through this sequential and progressive approach to teaching about geography, aside from the skills that the children will acquire, the children will also, as we have seen, develop a strong ‘sense of place’. We have seen that the National Curriculum provides quite explicit guidelines as to how to teach geography to primary school children, but what, on the ground, as it were, can teachers do to ensure that the lessons that need to be taught to children are taught in the best way possible, and are taught in an entertaining and effective manner? To this end, there are all sorts of study aids that teachers can use to teach geography to primary school children. Some of these teacher aids will be discussed in the following sections. One set of teacher aids, designed specifically for teaching Key Stage 1 2 geography curriculum to primary school children is the Super Schemes series, developed by the Geographical Association, in particular Unit 1, which is entitled Around our School: The Seagulls Busy Day and Unit 2, which is entitled Making Our Area Safer: The Twins Holiday. These books use an almost story book-like approach to teach children about geography through the eyes of characters that the children can relate to. It is intended that the children read of the characters, and what they do within the books, and that, through this, the children learn about the aims of the geography curriculum. The explicit aim of this series of books is to enhance and improve the vocabulary of children, in terms of the vocabulary that is necessary for an understanding of geography, to enable their own understanding of a ‘sense of place’. The Around our School: The Seagulls Busy Day title, for example, aims to help children realise that maps can be useful in the location, recording and visualizing of information. The Making Our Area Safer: The Twins Holiday title has similar aims, but also aims to encourage understanding of issues of sustainability of community, through looking at safety issues within the community, in particular the issue of how young children deal with traffic and how young children (i.e., the twins in the story) can manage to overcome the problems that traffic poses to them. These two books in the Super Schemes series are interesting in that they present a particular, traditional, way of teaching a particular idea to children, using a different ‘take’ on a tried and tested formula, which many teachers may find useful, and easy to implement. For teachers, however, who prefer a more ‘hands-on’ approach in their attempt to develop a child’s ‘sense of place’, there are other, more ‘hands-on’ teacher aids that can be incorporated in to Key Stage 1 2 geography teaching, for example, the Earthwalks kit, designed by Hekkle and Van Matre (1980), which is designed to educate users about nature, by making the users ‘get in touch’ with nature, through reawakening the senses of the user, and sharpening their perceptions of their sense of place, for example, and of the beauty of their immediate environment. The idea of the Earthwalks kit is to provide activities, based around hour-long walks, including relevant activities, which can be used to heighten the users perception of their environment. The activities are written in a child-friendly manner, and the kit is presented in a card/binder format, so that, for example, children can add in their own paper to make notes, or to draw something they have seen along the walk that they found particularly interesting. The approach presented in the Earthwalks kit is entirely ‘hands-on’ and attempts to encourage the development of a sense of wonder about the child’s environment, in terms of encouraging heightened observations and, as such, to encourage heightened appreciation of their environment, developing, very practically, a heightened ‘sense of place’ in the users. The idea of developing ‘sense of place’ is therefore crucial in teaching geography to primary school children, in terms of encouraging a connection with their environment, encouraging responsibility to the local environment, and laying a foundation on which children can build, in terms of taking this understanding, appreciation and responsibility for their local environment further, when children begin to learn about areas that are further afield, or other cultures, for example. A child that has a well developed ‘sense of place’ from an early age will be much more tolerant, responsible, appreciative and responsive to the ‘other’ than a child that has not developed a coherent ‘sense of place’ from an early age. As we have seen, children’s learning about geography at Key Stages 1 2 is very well structured, and the aims of these Key Stages are very well defined, in terms of leading children gently through the progression of understanding their local environment, and from this later understanding environments that are further afield, or other cultures, for example. In terms of what children will actually learn from undertaking the activities suggested throughout the Key Stages 1 2 Geography Curriculum, as we have seen, it is aimed that children will first learn about, and learn to understand their local environment, and then, through Key Stage 2 that they will begin to take these learning tools and move on to learning about environments that are further afield, and about other peoples and cultures. This is a valuable part of the curriculum, obviously, as children need to, as we have seen, first develop a strong understanding of their immediate environment, through developing a ‘ sense of place’ and then, from this, take this appreciation, understanding and responsibility to environments that are further afield. This approach to learning about their surroundings encourages thinking in a responsible and sustainable manner, such that children are encouraged to appreciate, and thus to care for, their surroundings, whether these be their immediate surroundings, or whether they be further afield. In terms of what children will actually learn, as we have seen, the aim of Key Stages 1 2 Geography teaching is, essentially, to develop a ‘sense of place’ using an enquiring approach, enhancing children’s perceptions of their locality and their concept of nested hierarchies, developing a vocabulary for geography, enhancing their observation skills and recording skills, during fieldwork, for example. As we have seen, the various teaching aids that are available can help in these aims, especially if the two types of teaching aids, ‘traditional’ versus ‘hands-on’ are used in conjunction with each other in the classroom, in order to encourage children’s learning and acquisition of knowledge. In conclusion, I feel that developing a child’s ‘sense of place’ is an implicit aim of the Key Stages 1 2 Geography Curriculum, and that, as such, encouraging a child to develop a strong ‘sense of place’ is a fundamental part of teaching geography to children at this stage of their development. As we have seen, at the beginning of this paper, teachers have been given a very strong conceptual framework for developing their geography teaching, in the form of the National Curriculum specifications, which provides them a basis on which to teach children about geography. Within this, however, as we have seen, teachers are free to decide how they teach their pupils about geography. We have looked at two ‘types’ of teaching aids, one traditional, using the characters in books to develop children’s vocabulary and sense of responsibility, the other more ‘hands-on’ using walks to encourage a sense of wonder about ‘placeâ €™ and to encourage an appreciation of the natural beauty of ‘places’. It is, of course, the decision of the individual teacher as to which type of study aids are chosen in order for the teacher to encourage thinking about ‘sense of place’ within their pupils. In some sense, the way in which geography is taught is not important: what is important is that this ‘sense of place’, this appreciation of a child’s environment is fostered, so that children act responsibly towards their immediate environment, and further afield, in terms of caring for the natural environment as a whole. If this ‘sense of place’ is fostered in the classroom environment by the teacher, the teacher can be said to have done their job, and done their job well. Sources Bridge C., 2005. Super Schemes Unit 1, Around our School: The Seagulls busy day, Sheffield, Geographical Association. Bridge C., 2005. Super Schemes Unit 2, Making our area safer: The twins holiday, Sheffield, Geographical Association. Hekkle, K. Van Matre, S., 1980. Earthwalks, Greenville, USA, IEEMills, D. (1992) Scoffham, S., 2004. Primary Geography Handbook. Sheffield, Geographical Association. The National Curriculum of the UK – Geography The Standards Site (2007). Geography at key stages 1 and 2: teaching geography at key stages 1 and 2. Available from http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/schemes2/geography/teaching?view=get. Accessed on 17th April 2007. The following websites were also useful: http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/schemes2/geography/?view=get www.nc.uk.net/webdav/harmonise?Page/@id=6004Subject/@id=3449

The Dictatorial Prospero of Shakespeares The Tempest Essay -- Tempest

The Dictatorial Prospero of The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Motivation often propels people to achieve high goals. Sometimes, however, motivation is too strong a tool and can manifest into selfish desires. The exploitation of the weak invariably results from the strong abusing their power, especially in a political setting. In William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’, Prospero is displayed as a tyrannical character who spawns a disastrous storm as part of a grand scheme to regain his title of Duke of Milan. His subsequent treatment of each character in the play, even his beloved daughter are purely based on his self-centered motives. Prospero can be seen as an overbearing racist, as well as a usurper to land that does not belong to him, but rather to Caliban. Being that Prospero's nature is dictatorial, every aspect of his life concerns achieving his narrow and self-centered goals of regaining political power through his former title of Duke of Milan.    Prospero treats his young daughter, Miranda, in a controlling way by sheltering her from the outside world and even devises a marriage for her to the son of his enemy, King Alonso to better his efforts of obtaining back the dukedom. Whilst Prospero is explaining how they once were royalty, he continually interjects "Dost thou attend me?" (1.2.77) and "Dost thou hear?" (1.2.106) to his acquies... ...ward. "Prospero: A Critical Study. " 336-82. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991. Corfield, Cosmo. "Why Does Prospero Abjure His 'Rough Magic,'" Shakespeare Quarterly. 36 (1985): 31-4 8. Curry, Walter C. "The Characters of Shakespeare's The Tempest," Early Early Modern Literary Studies. Vers. 5.1. May 1999. Levin, Harry. "Two Magian Comedies: 'The Tempest' and 'The Alchemist,'" Shakespeare Survey . 22 (1969): 47-58. Miko, Stephen J. "Tempest," ELH. 49 (1982): 1-17. Mowat, Barbara A. "Prospero, Agrippa, and Hocus Pocus," English Literary Renaissance. 11 (1981): 281-3 03. West, Robert. "The Mystery of 'The Tempest'. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1968.    The Dictatorial Prospero of Shakespeare's The Tempest Essay -- Tempest The Dictatorial Prospero of The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Motivation often propels people to achieve high goals. Sometimes, however, motivation is too strong a tool and can manifest into selfish desires. The exploitation of the weak invariably results from the strong abusing their power, especially in a political setting. In William Shakespeare's ‘The Tempest’, Prospero is displayed as a tyrannical character who spawns a disastrous storm as part of a grand scheme to regain his title of Duke of Milan. His subsequent treatment of each character in the play, even his beloved daughter are purely based on his self-centered motives. Prospero can be seen as an overbearing racist, as well as a usurper to land that does not belong to him, but rather to Caliban. Being that Prospero's nature is dictatorial, every aspect of his life concerns achieving his narrow and self-centered goals of regaining political power through his former title of Duke of Milan.    Prospero treats his young daughter, Miranda, in a controlling way by sheltering her from the outside world and even devises a marriage for her to the son of his enemy, King Alonso to better his efforts of obtaining back the dukedom. Whilst Prospero is explaining how they once were royalty, he continually interjects "Dost thou attend me?" (1.2.77) and "Dost thou hear?" (1.2.106) to his acquies... ...ward. "Prospero: A Critical Study. " 336-82. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991. Corfield, Cosmo. "Why Does Prospero Abjure His 'Rough Magic,'" Shakespeare Quarterly. 36 (1985): 31-4 8. Curry, Walter C. "The Characters of Shakespeare's The Tempest," Early Early Modern Literary Studies. Vers. 5.1. May 1999. Levin, Harry. "Two Magian Comedies: 'The Tempest' and 'The Alchemist,'" Shakespeare Survey . 22 (1969): 47-58. Miko, Stephen J. "Tempest," ELH. 49 (1982): 1-17. Mowat, Barbara A. "Prospero, Agrippa, and Hocus Pocus," English Literary Renaissance. 11 (1981): 281-3 03. West, Robert. "The Mystery of 'The Tempest'. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1968.   

Development can improve your work Essay

?1.3- explain how learning and development can improve your own work, benefit organisations, and identify career options. Learning and development means that you will be able to broaden your knowledge and skills in that particular aspect of your job role. This will improve your marketability in your job, meaning more people will recognize your company. This also helps you to understand your job role better and to open up possible places for future promotions. When learning new skills, you could realise that you are now able to do a job you used to think was impossible to complete. In completing a job it increases your value to your employer and helps provide that you keep your job and hopefully advance with the company that you are working for, also meaning more career offers, as people around different company’s may recognize you, meaning that they like the way your work and could potentially ask to employee you. It can benefit work as well the employee is better qualified and should have a better understanding of their job role.

Engelsk Stil – God Save the Pub

God Save the Pub Task 1 B. State your opinion about theme pubs and discuss whether it is a good idea that theme pubs go global. A lot of people today would state that the good old English pub is dying, especially after the smoking ban on July 1, 2007, and the fact is that 52 pubs are closing every week, and more than 6,000 fewer pubs today than just ten years ago, but ironically there are more places to enjoy a drink now, than just a couple of years ago.And the reason is quite simple, because a lot of the traditional pubs have been transformed into a new generation of pubs, the so called â€Å"theme pubs† with excellent beverage and high class food, and some pubs are even serving ecological food and beverage. I think it’s very positive that the traditional English pub is being replaced, so the dark and sultry tobacco men pubs, today often are theme pubs, with an open minded friendly atmosphere where women as well as children can come and talk about what’s going o n in the local society.Young people today know exactly what they want, and they want it in a very high quality in a clean environment, and that’s what most of the new generation of theme pubs can offer today. UK is an island in more than one sense and the British people have always been very conservative and afraid of new changes, phenomena also known as nepotism, as we also known from parts of Denmark like Bornholm etc. But since England joined the European Community in 1973 together with Ireland and Denmark, England has slowly changed to be a global and modern country.Therefore I think that the transformations of the traditional pub into modern theme pubs are a natural development nobody can fight against. But theme pubs can in my opinion also become a problem for the British. The newspaper of today tells me, that the British has the highest rate of teenage drunkenness, because young teenagers in England are more likely to get drunk than anywhere else in the whole industria l world. Personally I hink that one of the reasons why the UK has this world record in teenage drunkenness is because children are allowed to go to the theme pubs together with their parents, and here the children see their parents drinking alcohol in a social environment. When the children grow up they will use/abuse alcohol because it already had been accepted by the parents. A huge success in theme pubs in England today is the â€Å"Irish pub theme† â€Å". The Irish pub theme started as just another pub theme, but somehow the Irish theme seems to have fallen into the British taste of pub themes, and appears to go on forever as part of the English pub culture.I think that the English pub tradition with all its different themes is a special and unique English piece of culture, and the question is if it is a good idea that theme pubs go global. First of all I think that it is a very good idea to export theme pubs overseas, because countries like Denmark, Germany, France, Ho lland etc. already have got the traditional English pub for quite a number of years. But the next question is if it’s already too late to do such a business.As we well know the Irish pub themes have been overseas for a great number of years with huge success, so to start a global investment in English theme pubs abroad will rarely be any success. At last its worth to mentioning that the financial crises will kill the idea, even before the idea just was a little thought. Task 2 Murphy’s Memo Date: 2 September 2009 From: Isabella Knudsen To: Management Sales manager Re: New pub theme concept in IrelandJust returned from the UK where I have studied the new theme pubs, I like to inform you about my research. The new generation of theme pubs are popping up all over the UK, and it looks like a huge success. The new theme pubs seem to have a great impact on the young generation, and have become such a huge success, that within a short time the traditional Irish pub slowly wil l die. The new theme pub concept is a transformation from an old-fashioned pub into a modern restaurant. Each theme pub has its own identity.During my visit in the UK I visited different kinds of theme pubs like disco theme pubs, but the most interesting theme was the family and female/children friendly theme pubs. It is also my opinion that people spend more quality time during their stay in their local theme pub. My idea for a new pub theme should be a merge between a family restaurant theme pub in the daytime and a disco live music pub theme in the night time, every night, or for a start every Friday and Saturday night. That will definitely attract the young people of Ireland.I recommend that management should let the advertising agency Shandon Advertising perform a market survey to obtain some exact knowledge about what appeals to young people in Ireland. Thank you, Isabella Knudsen Murphy’s 48 MacCurtain St. Cork 22 October 1998 Shandon Advertising Church St. Cork Dear S ir. We are writing to you, as we need your expert knowledge concerning a new project. Our market share on the Irish market is decreasing, and therefore we are considering starting a new type of pub. Our sales manager has just visited a number of British pubs which have changed a lot lately.Some have become â€Å"superpubs† with space for 500 or more. Other pubs are theme pubs, to meet young people’s taste. Furthermore there are pubs, where you can get a wide selection of dishes at reasonable prices. There is almost an entertainment concept for every taste. As we would like to appeal to young people, we intend to start some new pubs on a trial basis. But before we make a final decision, we need some more details. Therefore we are asking you to inform us if you can do some market researches for us We are looking forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully MURPHY’S Flann O’Brien Marketing manager

Organizational Staffing Plan: Part 2

The purpose of this paper is to provide additional insight into the staffing process to be implemented by the coffee shop. This paper will present several key points in order to procure final loan approval. These points include the formulation of a recruitment plan and strategy, which will be used by the coffee shop initially and throughout the next three years. The targeted communication message and delivery medium will be presented for the purpose of attracting applicants. The selection process to be used will be identified as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this process.The types of initial and substantive assessment methods that can be used to select external candidates and how these assessments align with the staffing strategy will be discussed. And finally, the predictors which will be used to assess the KSAOs will be identified. Recruiting Plan and Implementation Strategy The coffee shop is a smaller business and does not have the staff or budget to run its own rec ruitment functions effectively. The recruitment strategy that will be used to staff the coffee shop initially and throughout the next three years will be the use of an employment website.This open recruitment plan will allow the coffee shop to attract a very diverse set of applicants. The benefit of the employment website is that they will be able to provide the advertising, video advertising, pre-employment screenings, and applicant tracking (Heneman, Judge, & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012, p. 222). Once the initial recruitment has been accomplished, it will be in the best interest of the coffee shop to change the strategy slightly and move towards a more targeted recruitment plan. The coffee shop will be better equipped to handle placing their own advertisements, utilizing social media, and networking from within the staff.This strategy will benefit the coffee shop because they will be able to seek specific individuals with certain, knowledge, skills, ability, and other characteristics. Creating a Communication Message Once the coffee shop moves into their more targeted recruitment plan, they will need to develop a communication message. The communication message is one of the most important aspects to attracting applicants to the available positions. It will be very important to resist the urge to make the message all inclusive. To increase accuracy, the coffee shop will need to aim for one target audience per message.This will mean that there will be multiple messages, but only one message for each position description. It will also be very important that the targeted message reaches the target audience. Therefore, it is imperative that the message convey the benefits of the position to the proper audience (Massachusetts Service Alliance [MA Service Alliance], 2013). The coffee shop is considering using the following targeted communication message for advertising the coffee server positions. Of course this message is being targeted to the nearby college students. Are you looking for a way to make some extra money? Are you looking for more than just a job? Join us in our warm, friendly coffee shop. This will be different from other jobs. You will enjoy working in our fast paced environment. You’ll have the opportunity to make great connections with our customers while providing them with quality beverages and food products. Come join our team while building relationships that will last a lifetime. We offer flexible schedules, great benefits and an environment that is truly welcoming. Selecting an Effective Communication MediumBecause the coffee shop’s initial strategy is to use an employment website, the communication medium for the recruitment effort would be the internet. Utilizing the internet will enable the shop to recruit from a vast and diverse talent pool of applicants. An employment website is second only to referral as a source of new hires (Heneman, Judge, & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012, p. 222). Once the initial recruitmen t is complete, the coffee shop will move to a different communication medium. The coffee shop will be able to utilize advertisement options such as classified ads, radio and television ads, and word of mouth.Because word of mouth is one of the most powerful methods of communicating job opportunities, the coffee shop is anticipating that the current employees will be able to ‘sell’ the coffee shop. In order to minimize advertising costs, it will benefit the coffee shop to utilize social media. Facebook, Twitter, and many other social media sites are a great way to reach out to the community. By maintaining pages on these social media sites, the coffee shop not only will be able to advertise for open positions, but they will also be able to advertise the company and drawin new customers. Selection Process Putting the right person into the right position is the goal of an effective selection process. By selecting the right applicant for each of the positions, the coffee sh op will face less absenteeism and employee turnover problems. In addition, the coffee shop will also save time and money (â€Å"Selection Process,† n. d. , Para. 1. ). To begin this process it will be necessary to determine the Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other characteristics (KSAOs). And then determine which KSAOs are necessary to assess the applicants.Once identified, a method to assess the KSAOs will need to be determined. The advantages of selecting the employees this way is that the coffee shop will eliminate unqualified applicants early in the process. However, the disadvantage is that it may significantly lessen the pool of applicants. This may require additional time and cost in advertising again for the positions. Selection Assessment Methods By utilizing an employment website, the coffee shop will be presented with applicants that have been prescreened.However, once the coffee shop is established and discontinues the use of an outside agency, it will need to prescreen them to determine which applicants are likely to be high performers if hired. The initial assessment begins with a review of the resume. This review will be necessary to determine if the applicant has listed any skill or experience that meets the qualification requirements. In the case of the store manager, the coffee shop will be looking for retail experience, supervisory experience, and experience analyzing financial reports.Although, a college degree in business or a closely related field may substitute for a portion of the required experience. In addition, the manager position requires a high school diploma. For the server, the experience should be reflected by customer service and cash handling experiences. Once the applicant pool has been reduced to eligible candidates, a structured interview will be conducted. This substantive assessment will be conducted by the owner of the coffee shop. The structured interview will allow for three to five questions.These same ques tions will be asked of each candidate and will be developed based upon the KSAOs relevant to the position. The questions should reflect the candidate’s behavioral response, either by past behavior or by potential future situations. Benchmark responses and rating scales will be developed in conjunction with the questions to allow for the most desirable evaluation. If it is determined that some of the questions are more important than others, those questions will be weighted. Predictors to Assess KSAOs As seen in the first paper presented, the KSAOs have already been presented.The coffee shop will utilize the necessary KSAOs to further assess the applicant’s knowledge and experience. For the position of store manager, some of the KSAOs that will be necessary are the ability to manage effectively in a fast-paced environment, ability to manage store operations independently, ability to manage multiple situations simultaneously, interpersonal skills, knowledge of customer s ervice techniques, organization and planning skills, team-building skills, ability to plan and prioritize workload, and ability to handle confidential and sensitive information.For the position of coffee server, the KSAOs used in the assessments would be the ability to learn quickly, strong interpersonal skills, the ability to work as part of a team, and the ability to build relationships. In order to predict successful job performance both the resume and the results of the structured interview will be reviewed. The knowledge listed on an applicant’s resume should become highly relevant during the structured interview. The structured interview will allow the candidate to reveal verbal skills, which are necessary to successfully communicate with both fellow workers and customers.The applicants resume will reflect required abilities while the interview will appropriately assess them. Other individual characteristics may be predicted through during the interview. The candidateâ €™s personality, which will not show in a resume, will be revealed at the structured interview. Conclusion For the coffee shop to be successful, it will need to have a recruitment plan as well as a strong strategic plan for the first three years of the business.

The thin film materials Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The thin film materials - Research Paper Example Though this technology is traditionally well established, this technology is still developing day-by-day, as these films are fundamental part for the creation of new equipments in the 21st century, for example super lattice that is made by man or a nanometer materials. Devices and materials that are made up of thin films can be used for decreasing toxic materials as the fixed amount is used just to the thin film layer or surface. The process of thin film saves the consumption of energy in production and these films are believed as a technology that is environmentally pleasant and beneficial in nature material for the coming century. Thin film Materials The deposition of thin films on the surface of substrate can be achieved by using different methods such as chemical vapor evaporation, thermal evaporation, and by using the highly energetic radiations for the evaporation of materials. The process of growth of thin film displays the following characteristics: The beginning of thin film s of any materials made by whatsoever method of deposition begins with a process of nucleation followed by levels nucleation and growth. Both of these levels, i.e., nucleation and growth determined by several conditions of deposition, for example rate of growth, growth temperature and the chemistry of substrate. The process of nucleation can be changed considerably by external means, for example by bombardment of ion or electron. The stress of films, its microstructure and related imperfect structure based on the circumstances of deposition during the nucleation level. The deposition conditions controlled the level of crystal and the films orientation. Properties of Thin Films Materials The fundamental properties of film, like crystal orientation and phase, thickness of film, film composition, and its microstructure, are based on the deposition circumstances. Thin films show exceptional properties which cannot be discovered in bulk materials: Through the process of atomic growth uni que properties of material are obtained. The orientation, thickness and the different other aspects characterize the effects on size of thin films, as well as quantum size effects (Kumar: 42-52). However, the techniques used for the deposition determine the properties of thin films. There are different processes of deposition of thin films. Chemical vapor evaporation (CVD) is on the deposition method which is defined as the process in which deposition of atoms, molecules or ions through the decomposition of source materials is takes place. Whereas, sputtering is defined as the process of deposition in which the highly energetic radiations are used. In 1850, the process of sputtering was first discovered in gas discharge tube by Grove and Bunsen and in this process the discharged is used for decomposing the cathode electrode material (Wasa, Kitabatake & Adachi: 15-22). From that time, the fundamental understanding regarding the process sputtering has well grown. It was recognized tha t the decomposition of the cathode substance was made by the bombardment of highly energetic radiation on the surface of cathode. The particles emitted from the surface of cathode are named as the sputtered particles. These particles made up of highly energetic atoms (Wasa, Kitabatake & Adachi: 15-22). The energy of these sputtered partic